Detección temprana del cáncer de pulmón: hasta ahora, era prácticamente imposible detectar el cáncer de pulmón en sus primeras etapas. La prueba de detección del cáncer de pulmón, diseñada por el patólogo Michael Wang y el ingeniero biomédico Li-Qun Gu de la Universidad de Missouri, se basa en un diseño simple pero eficaz. El principio tras la prueba es que cuando el cáncer empieza a formarse en los pulmones, distorsiona la secuencia de una molécula llamada microARN. Si los científicos pueden encontrar las irregularidades en la microARN, pueden descubrir si el paciente tiene cáncer. La prueba es tan fácil de realizar que los pacientes pueden ser diagnosticados y empezar el tratamiento en la primera visita.
Prueba de la gripe con nanopartículas de oro: la mayoría de las pruebas de la gripe hoy en día requieren mucho tiempo o son increíblemente inexactas. La técnica más precisa, denominada PCR, consiste en tomar una muestra y almacenarla durante unos días, a continuación se replica su ARN y, luego, dos semanas más tarde, llegan los resultados. Para entonces podría ser demasiado tarde para detener una epidemia. En cambio, con la prueba de nanopartículas de oro, los resultados se pueden obtener de forma inmediata y es posible tratar al paciente inmediatamente, evitando el contagio a más personas. Creada por un equipo de la Universidad de Georgia dirigido por Ralph A. Tripp, la prueba aprovecha la capacidad de las nanopartículas de oro para dispersar la luz de formas radicalmente diferentes, dependiendo de su geometría. Todo el médico tiene que hacer es tomar una muestra del líquido y mezclarla con una disolución de nanopartículas de oro. Si el virus está presente, la disolución dispersará la luz con un patrón mensurable. La prueba no solo es rápida, sino también barata. El oro se utiliza en una cantidad tan pequeña que cuesta una centésima de centavo realizar la prueba.
Cazadoras del cáncer de Sandia: en todo el mundo las personas padecen de tumores. A veces se pueden extirpar quirúrgicamente, pero muchas veces las células afectadas se encuentran en un área inaccesible. La quimioterapia es otra opción, pero la radiación no es muy selectiva con lo que mata. La protocélula, diseñada por Jeff Brinker y su equipo del Laboratorio Nacional de Sandia, en Nuevo México, es un artilugio para transportar nanopartículas llenas de toxinas y silenciadores del ARN a una célula cancerosa. Es una cápsula de dióxido de silicio poroso (piensen en: cuarzo) encerrado en una doble capa de lípidos. Cuando se aproxima a la célula cancerosa, las proteínas de la protocélula se adhieren a los receptores del tumor, permitiendo que la célula la engulla. Las protocélulas se dirigen hacia las células cancerosas; tienen al menos un 99% de afinidad para enlazarse al sobrecrecimiento de los receptores que tiene lugar en la membrana celular de los tumores. Son altamente especializadas y económicas, ya que sólo una protocélula es necesaria silenciar un tumor.
Respuesta celular: para poner un nuevo medicamento en el mercado, las compañías farmacéuticas suelen pasar por un proceso de unos doce años y más de 300 millones de dólares. Pasan por varias etapas de prueba, desde cultivos celulares a experimentos con animales y, finalmente, ensayos en humanos. Sin embargo, hay un paso crucial que no han sido capaces de realizar: probar la respuesta de la célula al fármaco desde el interior. La profesora Karen Martínez, con su equipo de la Universidad de Copenhague, ha hecho un gran avance en biosensores. Insertaron nanocables semiconductores en una celda sin interferir en sus procesos internos o matarla. Colocaron células de hígado humano y neuronas de ratas sobre una cama de nanocables de arseniuro de indio y éstas fueron capaces de funcionar y vivir durante varios días. Los investigadores midieron entonces los procesos dentro de la célula en tiempo real, incluyendo la respuesta interna a los estímulos y el potencial de la membrana de la célula. También pudieron transportar fármacos por el cable hacia el interior de la célula y comprobar la reacción desde el interior.
Reparación de la médula espinal: cuando se produce una lesión en la columna vertebral, se puede formar un quiste, que bloquee la regeneración del tejido nervioso. Muchos consideran las células madre como la solución a la rehabilitación de la columna vertebral, pero dos investigadores de Milán han utilizado otro enfoque. Fabrizio Gelain y Angelo Vescovi construyeron nanotubos llenos de péptidos autoensamblables que actúan como soporte para la zona dañada e imitan la estructura de la columna vertebral. Los expertos evaluaron el procedimiento en ratas e insertaron los nanotubos en su columna dañada, donde se estaban formando los quistes. Después de seis meses, observaron que los quistes habían sido reemplazados por células recién formadas que incluían neuronas, vasos sanguíneos y células óseas. También había neuronas en el interior de los nanotubos en donde se encontraban originalmente los péptidos. Una vez recuperada la zona, los tubos se biodegradan y son ingeridos por microorganismos.
Wang, Y., et al. (2011) “Nanopore-based detection of circulating microRNAs in lung cancer patients.” Nature Nanotechnology [doi:10.1038/nnano.2011.147]
Driskell, J.D., et al. (2011) “One-step assay for detecting influenza virus using dynamic light scattering and gold nanoparticles.” Analyst (136): 3083-3090 [doi:10.1039/C1AN15303J]
Ashley, C.E., et al. (2011) “The targeted delivery of multicomponent cargos to cancer cells by nanoporous particle-supported lipid bilayers.” Nature Matter 10(5):389-97
Berthing, T., et al. (2011) “Intact Mammalian Cell Function on Semiconductor Nanowire Arrays: New Perspectives for Cell-Based Biosensing.” Small (7): 640-647 [doi: 10.1002/smll.201001642]
Gelain, F., et al. (2011) “Transplantation of nanostructured composite scaffolds results in the regeneration of chronically injured spinal cords.” ACS Nano 5(1): 227-236
Fuente: Scientific American
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